Information Gathering from Official and Non Official Irish News Media using Task Based Learning

Presentation For some decades, instructors have battled to locate a powerful encouraging procedure to encourage the exchange of information among understudies and educators in language learning. Because of this reality, numerous educators have noticed that there is a solid need to concoct powerful instructing strategies that focus more on the understudies rather than the teachers.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Information Gathering from Official and Non Official Irish News Media utilizing Task Based Learning explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More For a gathering of Hong Kong understudies in China, it is affirmed that characterizing gaining from an understudy driven perspective is the most proper method of showing language (Nunan 2004, p. 92). Such feelings have been emphasized by Nunan (2004, p. 93) when he certifies that â€Å"teaching proficiency is improved when the students and their peers are the focal point of consideration rather than the i nstructor and his/her teaching†. Starting here of view, numerous instructors have chosen to embrace an understudy driven methodology in planning their educating educational plans. This new learning worldview has been embraced to build understudy data collaboration during learning forms (LouLeaver 2004, p. 1). In language learning, the undertaking based method is the most usually known strategy that tries to oblige the new learning worldview. Undertaking based learning has been broadly utilized as a showing method in the investigation of dialects since it depends on legitimate language seeing, despite the fact that it despite everything requests that students utilize the objective language as the basic method of correspondence (Branden 2006, p. 1). The method is task based, in that, it expects students to perform various errands, for example, calling the police, calling the local group of fire-fighters and such straightforward undertakings utilizing the objective language. This strategy is special, in that, student evaluation basically relies upon a learner’s capacity to effectively finish an undertaking, rather than his/her capacity to utilize the objective language to finish a similar assignment. Regardless, the errand based strategy has been widely used to improve the familiarity level of students when utilizing the objective language, notwithstanding ingraining a feeling of certainty among students (Hattie 2005, p. 61). As noted from the name of the procedure (task based), the center of the errand based strategy in language learning is simply the undertaking. Basically, the dynamic language segments of the learning procedure are generally deemphasized on the grounds that students are required to concentrate more on the undertaking rather than the language (Flowerdew 2005, p. 14).Advertising Looking for paper on phonetics? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Several structures are normally use d to accomplish wanted outcomes in task-based adapting however this examination tries to investigate a system of learning progressed by Jane Willis. This system consolidates the pre assignment, undertaking, and post task (yield) as the significant plan segments (Wenger 1998). This structure will go about as the premise of the second language educational program plan examination as a basic segment of this investigation. The subsequent language to be utilized will be English and it is to be educated among a gathering of Chinese students. Reasonable Analysis Traditionally, the most normally utilized learning model for language educating was the introduction, practice, and creation model (PPM) (Errey 2005). The model was very not quite the same as the assignment based methodology model in light of the fact that in the expressions of Littlewood (2010, p. 3): â€Å" According to the PPM model, singular language things (for instance, the past ceaseless) are introduced by the educator, at that point rehearsed as spoken and composed activities (regularly design drills), and afterward utilized by the students in less controlled talking or composing activities†. The undertaking based methodology was viewed as successful by most specialists until its discretion was found (particularly in the instructing of syntax) on the grounds that the strategy was noted to miss the mark concerning the learner’s needs in language learning (Littlewood 2010, p. 3). Besides, the creation phase of the procedure was generally viewed as inauthentic by numerous educators and understudies since it neglected to adhere to the picked learning structure (Littlewood 2010, p. 4). These PPM deficiencies later prompted the advancement of the errand based learning strategy. Educational plan Design Analysis In breaking down the gathering of Chinese students, the assignment based learning strategy will draw in the understudies in a three-advance errand process (as indicated by Willis model). Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Information Gathering from Official and Non Official Irish News Media utilizing Task Based Learning explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The primary stage is the pre-task stage where the students are required to grasp or review the teacher’s presentation of the undertaking or subject to be secured (now, the students additionally partake in social event and planning significant snippets of data which will empower them achieve their particular errands). In the subsequent stage, the students are permitted to continue with undertaking their assignments either exclusively or in a gathering setting. At long last, in the third stage, the students are required to concoct a report itemizing the errands they have embraced and the difficulties or ends they show up at. After the consummation of the assignment and an accommodation of the task’s report are done, the students are then required to concentrate on the points of interest of the language consideration where significant language features are painstakingly investigated and assessed (in light of how they were or could be coordinated into the general undertaking). Pre-task Stage As a fundamental assignment in English learning, understudies undertaking the errand based procedure are required to distinguish wellsprings of media which fit various chose profiles. The profiles chose are: recognizing official media sources implied for everybody, distinguishing media sources implied for the adolescent and distinguishing media sources implied for youngsters. Notwithstanding the way that the students are required to distinguish a particular open action (recognizing media sources implied for various age gatherings), it stays clear that the students will learn explicit types of media implied for various crowds. With such a job that needs to be done, the students are probably going to give more consideration to the significance of the undertaking they show up at (when doing the assignment). A similar circumstance can likewise be delineated when the students need to do a given errand of distributing their composed papers in a particular kind of media yet neglect to concede to the modalities of undertaking explicit blueprints. Due to this explanation, they need to clarify the reasons why they think a particular game-plan is superior to another. For understudy A, he thinks having his bit of work distributed in the nearby paper is the correct choice and thusly he needs to legitimize his reasons. Understudy B figures her work ought to be distributed in a female magazine and needs to legitimize her reasons. Understudy C figures his work ought to be disclosed on nearby radio while understudy D figures her work ought to be publicized on neighborhood television.Advertising Searching for article on phonetics? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More For this assignment, it turns into a troublesome obligation to attract an obvious distinction understanding the type of the errand to be attempted and fathoming the importance of the undertaking. In view of this vagueness, it is prudent to concoct another continuum where both the type of the undertaking and its importance are enveloped. A short time later, it will be simpler to measure where various exercises lie along the continuum, since it will be simpler to set up whether the exercises center more around the type of the errand instead of its significance. The outline beneath best speaks to this correlation since the concealed area speaks to a more grounded center around the importance of the undertaking while the un-concealed district speaks to a more grounded reference to the type of the errand. (Adjusted from www.edb.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_3997/task_based.doc) All various continuums are anyway centered around improving the objective of open learning. The graph underneath is a delegate of a similar continuum, just that it is progressively point by point on the exercises and undertakings to be completed by the students. (Adjusted from www.edb.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_3997/task_based.doc) According to the chart, explicit assignments and exercises portrayed in the left wing of the continuum are illustrative of activities, yet those on the correct side are illustrative of undertakings (Littlewood 2010, p. 5). The center boxes are in any case a portrayal of both (activities and undertakings). As indicated by the Interim Report of the TOC Evaluation Project, the scholars recommend that the â€Å"half-and-half’ exercises have assumed a significant job in causing Hong Kong educators to bit by bit actualize task-based learning and they propose putting them into a class of ‘exercise-tasks†. (Littlewood 2010, p. 6) Task: Non Communicative Learning The non informative learning task is ordinarily fixated on imparting a feeling of capabil ity in language structure among the gathering of Chinese students. In any case, in this undertaking, there is a negligible feeling of correspondence since understudies are slanted to become familiar with the guidelines of language, in view of down to earth instances of sentences. For example, in the accompanying model, the students are required to search for the particular utilization of the intensifiers: consistently, regularly, once in a while, typically and never then recognize the guidelines applied in the sentences. The accompanying sentences are illustrative of the activity: Customers are typically frustrated when the neighborhood paper is conveyed late. The Herald is never elaborative on its articles. His folks regularly purchased the Londo

Education Is Very Important Essay

It encourages us gain information, data and decipher things accurately. Instruction shows us how to lead our lives by blending in the general public and ending up being productive members of society. It makes us equipped for deciphering appropriately the things saw. Instruction trains us right conduct and makes us acculturated individuals. It frames as an emotionally supportive network to exceed expectations throughout everyday life, to constantly learn and manufacture certainty, to reason everything till each question meets its answer. The transformation of data to information is conceivable on account of instruction and we additionally gain insight. Advanced education impacts the financial improvement of a country according to the market analysts. An individual is constantly decided by great habits he/she has. Training is significant as it instructs us to separate among great and terrible habits and pick the correct conduct that develops great habits. Great habits are significant for children to create at an exceptionally youthful age. Children must figure out how to be neighborly, learn phone behavior, associate with different children and create values. This can be instructed at home just as school. Training your youngsters great habits makes an establishment for them that will finish them life. Instruction is significant on the grounds that it furnishes us with all that is expected to make our fantasies work out as expected. At the point when we settle on advanced education or experts, we have to pick the specialization field of our advantage and gifts. Most driving courses permit you to read all regions for the primary year and to pick a specialization in your second year when you have more presentation and information about these fields. The specialized and investigative abilities can be all around investigated in the region of one’s premium.

GED Essay Topics For Writing Great Essays

GED Essay Topics For Writing Great EssaysGED essay topics have been taken on a whole new level. These days there are many different ways to go about this and I hope that you can take some of these ideas and apply them to your own work.When I first started out studying I was provided with the three different kinds of essays to choose from. It was not so easy for me at first but in time I managed to make it through each type of essay. I began to see the big difference and realized that all of my former struggles were nothing compared to the big picture.I realized that I was wasting my time filling out the same paper over when I could simply find something new that would fit into the GED essay topics that I needed. There is no end to the number of different things that can be put into the writing.Each of the different types of essay topics are specific and should be used for what they were designed for. For example, a writing about theater may not be applicable to someone who wishes to get a degree in the arts. You can always find something more specific if you look hard enough.If you are looking for a different kind of writing, then just jump online and start looking around. You will be amazed at how easy it is to find something in the internet that you would be able to incorporate into your work. A lot of it comes with very little effort on your part.With the number of different places you can turn to, there really is no need to pay for anything unless you feel that you can find better quality materials elsewhere. However, I can't stress enough how easy it is to find the good stuff with just a little time spent surfing around.You may find it is easier than youhad expected if you plan your research well in advance. It can be very easy to not have the time to fully dedicate to your task because you are so busy with other tasks. That is why it is so important to come up with an outline of your research that you can follow.The last thing I would like to mention is t hat there are many resources available to help you cover the entire year. The easiest way to get started is by looking for a GED book and getting the first few books that you can. You will be amazed at how much it can do for you.

Analysis Of Paley And Aquinas - 1823 Words

Analysis of â€Å"Paley† and â€Å"Aquinas† Readings in Topic 4 Introduction In the argument, â€Å"The Argument From Design† from Natural Theology, William Paley argues that living things are like watches in one crucial respect: both exhibit design, the universe with everything in it. Paley thinks that people assume that the universe works for a purpose like the watch does. So, people would reasonably conclude that the universe has a designer or creator, like the watch does, God. Although, atheists deny that the universe is designed. But, shouldn’t there be some knowledgeable or intelligent creator to guide us towards our purpose to function in life? In the article, â€Å"The Five Ways,† from Summa Theologica, Thomas Aquinas argues whether God exists, which†¦show more content†¦Summary William Paley found a watch on the ground and assumed that the watch was put together for a purpose. His arguments, then, lead towards the teleological argument, which starts from relatively specific observations to the crucial notion of purpose where there is an intelligent cause to the universe. Paley’s whole argument discusses how there must be a maker of the universe since there is a maker of the watch, which must be God. In contrast, a telescope has a designer, so an eye must also have a designer, â€Å"The end is the same; the means are the same. The purpose in both is alike; the contrivance for accomplishing that purpose is both alike: The lenses of the telescope, and the humours of the eye bear a complete resemblance to one another, in their figure their position; and in their power over the rays of light†¦ How is it possible, under circumstances of such close affinity, and under the operation of equal evidence, to exclude contrivance from one, yet to acknowledge the proof of contrivance having been employed, as the plainest and clearest of all propositions in the other?...† (Paley, p.30). If the watch could somehow reproduce, Paley still would not question that the watch still had originated from some intelligent designer. Like the watch, he thinks the universe also works for a purpose. Paley proscribes design as foresight, which is connected with purpose, however, the purpose is not the same as the function. It is said to beShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay : Paley s Argument From Design1217 Words   |  5 Pages PH 101-01 Instructor: Jason Smith Student: Donna Delva 6/16/17 Critically evaluate Paley’s argument from design. What kind of argument is it? How does it work? What does it aim to show? Does Paley succeed? Why or Why not? While theology may take God s existence as necessary on the basis of faith, or discovery, many philosophers have thought it’s possible to prove by reason that there must be a God. The teleological argument, also known as the argument from design simplyRead MoreEssay about A Philoshpical Approach to Proving the Existence of God4013 Words   |  17 Pagesissues that relate to the divine. Now there are two types of theology, Revealed and Natural Theology. Revealed Theology claims that our knowledge of God comes through special revelations such as the Bible, the Holy Spirit, and the Koran. Saint Thomas Aquinas indicates that Revealed Theology provides what he calls â€Å"Saving Knowledge†, which is knowledge that will result in our salvation. Now Natural Theology is our knowledge of God that one ascertains through natural reasoning, or reasoning that is unaidedRead MoreThe Existence of God Essay730 Words   |  3 Pagessurprisingly very many arguments which support the existence of God. They even have proper names to go by, and most Christians believe in one of these arguments. I have listed them in the first introduction paragraph, but I will now begin my analysis of each one. Moral and Divine Command Theory ================================= This argument is stating that universal moral standards obviously exist in our World already and are evidently needed for the proper functioning

Comparsion of Realism and Idealism in Niccolo...

When speaking of Niccolà ² Machiavelli from The Prince and Socrates, from Plato’s Republic, there is no way to avoid the clash between realism and idealism. The contrasting of both of these states of minds, when it comes to ruling a city, per se, is fascinating because, while they are extremely different, they’re perceiving the same objective: ruling a civilization successfully. Machiavelli uses the concepts of virtà ¹, fortuna, and free-will to describe political success. On the other hand, in The Republic of Plato, Socrates uses Justice and good morals to reach enlightenment and genuinely become a Philosopher King and thus, rule a city successfully. According to Plato, the soul is composed of three parts: Reason (logical), Emotion†¦show more content†¦When the moral goodness exists in the person, there also exists courage, wisdom, temperance, and justice: the four cardinal virtues Socrates mentions. In book six, Socrates introduces the metaphor, â€Å"The Ship of the State.† Plato describes that only â€Å" †¦for the true pilot it is necessary to pay careful attention to year, seasons, the heavens, the stars, the winds, and everything proper to the art if he is really going to be skilled at ruling a ship. (Plato, 488d)† It is to be understood that the pilot resembles the Philosopher King and the ship resembles the city. Thus, this metaphor analyzes the importance of the possession of Reason as the main conductor within the soul; the ruler with such characteristic also possesses the virtues necessary to rule a republic successfully. While Plato argues that having Justice in the soul and resembling a pure image of moral goodness is fundamental, Machiavelli informs his audiences that rulers must perform (depending on the necessities of the prince at the time) merciful, faithful, humane, and religious acts, or the complete opposite of these traits, to gain power and remain successfully in power. In other words, for Machiavelli, it is important that the means justify the ends. Machiavelli states that rulers of a civilization should, in fact, be truthful, keep promises, and have other characteristics of the like, so that a prince will not

Essay on Double Jeopardy - the 5th Amendment - 1179 Words

Constitutional Law Unit 8: Double Jeopardy Jesely Rojas July 13th, 2010 â€Å"The 5th Amendment is an old friend and a good friend, one of the great landmarks in mens struggle to be free of tyranny, to be decent and civilized.† William O. Douglas Prepare a paper analyzing why, under certain circumstances, two state trials in two different states for the murder of the same person will not violate the Double Jeopardy Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Also, analyze why, under certain circumstances, a state trial and a federal trial may be held for the murder of the same person without violating the Double Jeopardy Clause of the U.S. Constitution. As part of this assignment, you should conduct legal research to support your analysis of†¦show more content†¦The double jeopardy rule would prevent the state government from subsequently prosecuting and trying that same person for that same crime. As a general proposition, the Double Jeopardy Clause applies only to criminal cases and consists of three separate constitutional protections. First, it protects against a second criminal prosecution for the same offense after absolution. Second, it protects against a subsequent prosecution for the same offense after conviction. Fi nally, it protects against multiple punishments for the same offense. In Palko v. Connecticut (1973), the U.S. Supreme Court rules that double jeopardy protections do not extend to defendants in state criminal trials. The court says that while some fundamental rights, such as free speech, apply to states through the 14th Amendment, double jeopardy protection is not one. Double Jeopardy clause suggests that the framers would not have accepted the dual sovereignty doctrine. The premise of the dual sovereignty doctrine, and the reason the Court was able to avoid balancing all of the interests involved, was that successive prosecutions in different jurisdictions are not defined as the same offense, so the Double Jeopardy Clause is bypassed. In Hudson v. United States (1997), the U.S. Supreme Court rules that it does not violate the double jeopardy clause to criminally prosecuteShow MoreRelatedThe Fundamental Principle Of Fairness And Equal Rights2219 Words   |  9 Pagesconstitution. The constitution becomes the standard that the court should follow when making judgments. The Due Process is applied in the court cases under the 5th amendment in the constitution to protect individuals, which allows the constitution to illustrate the principle of fairness in a documented form. The Due Process clause under the 5th amendment exists to defend rights of citizens in court. The definition of citizens that deserve the protection by the Due Process clause naturally include peopleRead MoreThe Fifth Amendment : The Fourth Amendment1681 Words   |  7 PagesFifth Amendment The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) which is followed by the United States Constitution belongs to the part of the Bill of Rights and will protect each and every individual from being compelled to witnesses against themselves in all sorts of criminal cases. Pleading the Fifth is a sort of informal term used generally for invoking the right which allows the witnesses to decline the chance of answering the questions which may lead the answers that might incriminate them, and basicallyRead MoreCase Analysis : Grady Vs Corbin1389 Words   |  6 Pages1990, which held that the Double Jeopardy Clause in the 5th Amendment to the Constitution bars subsequent prosecutions for an offense which the defendant has already been prosecuted. Essentially, the Double Jeopardy Clause of the 4th Amendment says no one shall be tried twice for the same offense. The double jeopardy clause serves two functions, both of which should be considered when faced with a double jeopardy problem. One traditional fun ction of the double jeopardy prohibition has been to preventRead MoreThe United States of America is known to be the land of the free. In addition to that, it is the800 Words   |  4 Pageslaw. Basic rights such as the first ten amendments, or the Bill of Rights, ensure our ability to petition, go on strike, protect us from double jeopardy in court, and even allow us to carry firearms for a well-regulated militia. Other notable amendments includes the 13th amendment which abolished slavery, the 14th amendment which ensures the right of being an American citizens no matter race if the person resides in the respective country, the 15th amendment which protects the voting rights of allRead MoreThe 5th Amendment706 Words   |  3 PagesThe 5th Amendment Basically, the 5th Amendment states that no one shall be charged with capital crimes without a Grand Jurys permission, except in cases regarding the military while under service in wartime or public danger. No one can be put on trial again for the same crime. You cant be forced to testify yourself. That no one should be executed, jailed, or have property seized without a legal precedent. Also you cant be put through cruel or unusually punishment.Read MoreProcedural Due Process Of Law980 Words   |  4 PagesStates, and it is a big deal to many Americans. Think of all the privacy laws, and the personal space that we all like to enjoy, due process plays a key role in securing that freedom. Due process gave way in many amendments one of which would be the sixth amendment. This amendment makes it clear that every American citizen is entitled to a fair, speedy and public trial; the right to an impartial jury; the right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him or her; the rightRead MoreEssay on The 5th Amendment698 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The 5th Amendment nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Basically, the 5th Amendment states that no one shall be charged with capital crimes without a Grand Jurys permission, except in cases regarding the military while under service in wartime or public danger. No one can be put on trial again for the same crime. You cant be forced to testify yourself. That no one should be executed, jailed, or have property seized without a legalRead MoreEssay on Criminal Law Evaluation698 Words   |  3 PagesGilford Abstract Laws tend to make the lives of every individual safer and pleasant. The subject of this paper focuses on evaluating and identifying the Constitutional safeguards within the 4th, 5th, and 6th amendments of the United States Constitution. How these safeguards to the 4th, 5th, and 6th amendment will apply to juvenile and adult court proceedings. Finally, this paper will focus the impact that these safeguards, such as speedy trial, Miranda warning, exclusionary rule, and right to counselRead MoreThe Impact Of Civil Justice System On The United States1287 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will provide a written analysis of the impact of the 4th 5th 6th 8th and 14th amendments in the processing of criminals through the justice system, and the impacts it has in the criminal justice system’s due process and processing of an offender. 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Musical Genre Classification of Audio Signals free essay sample

Musical genres are categorized by human. It depends on human hearing. There are common characteristics shared by categories. These characteristics are related to instrumentation, rhythmic structure, and harmonic content of the music. Currently many music is still classified by manually. Automated system for musical genre classification can assist or replace manual work for classifying musical genre. In this paper, the automatic classification of audio signals into hierarchy of musical genres is explored.Three feature sets for representing umbrae texture, rhythmic content and pitch content are proposed. Also propose classification through two-times ANN. classification method and show enhancement of accuracy. Using two-time ANN. classification method increases accuracy about 5% than one-time ++++ANN. classification which two-time ANN. classification accuracy is 77. 9% and one-time ANN. classification accuracy is 73. 3%. Index Terms Music classification, feature extraction, wavelets, ANN. classification Table of Contents l. II. Introduction Music Modeling Genre Segmentation Ill.Feature Extraction A. Timbres Texture Features I. Lie. ;v. B. Spectral shape features Mel-frequency spectral coefficients (MFC) Texture window Low-Energy features Rhythmic Features C. Pitch Content Features IV. Classification V. Evaluation and Discussion VI. References common characteristics shared by categories. These characteristics are related to instrumentation, rhythmic structure, and harmonic content of the music. Genre classification is magnified when music industry moved from CD to web. In web music is distributed in large amount so importance of genre classification is magnified.Currently many music is still classified by manually. Automated system for musical genre classification can assist or replace manual work for classifying musical genre. In era of web, it enabled to access large amount of all kinds of data such as music, movies, news and so on. Music database has been grown exponentially since first perceptual coders early in the asss. As database grows it demanded tools that can enable search, retrieve and handle large amount of data. Classifying musical genre was great tool for searching, retrieving and handling large music database [1-3].There are several more method such as music emotion classification [4], beat racking [5], preference recommendation [6], and etc.. Musical genres classification (MGM) are created and used for categorized and describe music. Musical genre has no precise definitions or boundaries because it is categorized by human hearing. Musical genres classification are highly related to public marketing, historical and cultural factors. Different countries and organizations have different genre lists, and they even define the same genre with different definitions. So it is hard to define certain genres precisely. There is not an official specification of music genre until now. There are about 500 to 800 genres in music [7, 8]. Some researchers suggested the definition of musical genres classification [9]. After several attempt to define musical genres researchers figured out that it shares certain characteristics such as instrumentation, rhythmic structure, and pitch content. Genre hierarchies were created by human experts and they are currently used to classify music in the web.Auto MGM can provide automating classifying process and provide important component for complete music information. The most significant proposal to specifically deal with this task was leased in 2002 [3]. Several strategies dealing with related problems have been proposed in research areas. In this paper, automatic musical genre classification is proposed showed in Figure 1 . For feature extraction, three sets of features for representing instrumentation (timbered), rhythmic content and pitch content are proposed. Figure 1 Automatic Musical Genre Classification II.Music Modeling Genre Segmentation An untrained and non-expert person can detect the genre of a song with accuracy of 72% by hearing three-second segmentation of the song [11]. However computer is to design like human brain so it cant process MGM like human. Despite whole song may somehow influence the representatives of feature, using whole song can extract most of features that music has. Also to extract short segment of music for automation system is unsuited for the purpose because difficulty of finding exact section of music representing its characteristic using whole song to modeling is proper way to MGM.There are too many music genres used in web [7, 8]. Classification genre has to be simplified and in this paper proposed genres which are popular used in MPH players in the market. Figure 2 Taxonomy of Music Genre Ill. Feature Extraction Feature extraction is the process of computing numerical representation that can be used to characterize segment of audio and classify its genre. Digital music file contains data sampled from analog audio signal. It has huge data size compared to its actual information. Features are thus extracted from audio signal to obtain more meaningful information and reduce the over-loading processing.For feature extraction three sets of features for representing instrumentation (timbered), rhythmic content and pitch content will be used [3]. 1 . Timbres Texture Features The features used to represent timbre texture are based on the features proposed in speech recognition. The following specific features are usually used to represent timbre texture. @ Spectral shape features [1-3] Spectral shape features are computed directly from the power spectrum of an audio signal frame, describing the shape and characteristics of the power spectrum. The calculated features are based on the short time Fourier transform (STET) and are calculated for every short-time frame of sound. There are several ways to extract feature with spectral shape feature. 1 . Spectral centered is centered of the magnitude spectrum of STFW and its measure of spectral brightness. Cot Trier n : Frequency bin, M t Non: Magnitude of the Fourier Transform 2. Spectral Roll-off is the frequency below which 85% of the magnitude distribution is concentrated. It measures the spectral shape. N 01 n 01 3.Spectral flux is the squared difference between the normalized magnitudes of successive spectral distributions. It measures the amount of local spectral change. N 01 2 N t Non : Normalized Magnitude of the Fourier Transform 4. Time domain zero crossing is measure of the noisiness of the signal. Higher value represents more noisy data. Zit 1 N O 2 noel @ Mel-frequency spectral coefficients (MFC) [1 1] MFC are considered as a set of dominant feature in speech recognition and are mostly used in music signal processing. Figure 3 Flow chart of MFC MFC are independent of the pitch and tone of the audio signal, and thus can be an excellent feature set for speech recognition and audio processing. Log energy of the signal frame and coefficients of spectrum, that is, 13-dimension feature set is the basic MFC for an audio signal frame. @ Texture window [1, 2] All timbre features mentioned above are computed within a small frame (about 10 60 ms) over a whole audio signal, that is, a song is broken into many small frames and timbre features of each frame are computed.However, in order to capture the long-term variation of the signal, so called texture, the actual features classified in automatic system is the running means or variation of the extracted feature described above over a number of small frames. Texture window is the term used to describe this larger window. For example, in the system of [3], a small frame of 23 ms (512 samples at 22 050 Hzs impaling rate) and a texture window of 1 s (43 analysis windows) is used. @ Low- Energy feature is mostly used. It measures the percentage of frames that have root mean square (ARMS) energy less than the average ARMS energy over the whole signal.It measures amplitude distribution of the signal. For example, vocal music with silences has large low-energy value while continuous strings have smaller low-energy value. 2. Rhythmic Features [12] Rhythmic features describe the periodicity of audio signal. Discrete Wavelet Transform Octave Frequency Bands Envelope Extraction Full wave rectification Envelope Low pass filtering Extraction Down sampling Mean removal Autocorrelation Multiple peak picking Beat Histogram Figure 4 Beat histogram calculation flow diagram Tempo induction is used to measure the number of beats per minute and the interpret interval.Beat tracking uses band-pass filters and comb filters to extract the beat from, musical signals of arbitrary musical structure and containing arbitrary timbres. The simplest method is calculating the beat histogram. Figure 5 Examples of beat histogram [3] In Figure 5. Rock and hip-hop contain higher BPML with stronger strength that those of lassie and Jazz music, The histogram is intuitive since that the rhythm of rock and hip-hop music are bouncy while classical and Jazz music are gentle. Therefore, beat tracking is a good feature for genre classification. Melody is the term used to depict the pattern of music.Features exploited to measure the melody includes histogram of audio signal, peak detection, pitch, autocorrelation in temporal and frequency domain, and zero-crossing in time domain. 3. Pitch Content Features 12 DAFT ADOPTION O O DAFT Outfought k determines the frequency domain compression. The pitch content feature set is based on multiple pitch detection techniques. More specifically, the multiplicity detection algorithm described by Tolkien and Jardinià ¨re [13] is utilized. IV. Classification With features extracted by methods above classify music genre with a more standardized manner.When features of music are extracted, there is high dimensional feature space to be classified. Data-mining algorithms classify the space with unsupervised or supervised approaches. In this paper, classification is done by supervised approach which has been studied more extensively. The system designed by supervised approaches is trained by manually labeled data at first, that is, supervised approach knows the genres of songs. When unlabeled data (new coming data) comes, the trained system is used to classify it into a known genre.K-Nearest Neighbor (ANN.) is a supervised classifying algorithm where the result of new coming data is classified based on majority of K-nearest neighbor category [3]. Figure 7 ANN. In Figure 7 data points with known genres (red, green, and blue) are scattered in the high-dimension feature space. When new songs that has to be classified enters torture space (marked star in Figure 7), decide number of sample to compare with star. The distance between positions is commonly measured by equation (1), which is the Minnows metric. 1) The most widely used distance metric for continuous features is the Euclidean distance, which is commonly used to calculate the distance between objects in housecleaning space. The Euclidean distance is a special case of the Minnows (2) Setting k = 5 that takes five samples nearest from star. As in Figure 7 four neighbors are blue genre, one is red, and one is green, so the genre of the new coming song is classified as blue. V. Evaluation and Discussion MGM has several problems. As boundaries of music genres are ambiguous, and a song may involve several genre styles.This indicates that genre classification not easy. Problem with fuzzy boundaries occur not only for machines but also for humans. Also using supervised classification approach, database set can be key variables of classification. Results differ from which database set used to MGM. In this paper, database set made by at least 7 songs for each category. In this paper whole file classification has been used to MGM. It takes much more time to process than ell-time frame classification but it has advantage in accuracy and it can avoid data distortion. Using ANN. method twice may reduce errors.Figure 8 shows taxonomy of Music Genre. In first ANN. classification ANN. classify larger group of music genre such as Classic, Jazz, Rock, R/Hip-Hop, and Pop. Figure 8 Taxonomy of Music Genre For second time ANN. classification ANN. method is used inside large group of genre. For example if new song in database sorted to classic in first time ANN. classification then in second time ANN. classification it finds places to go in Orchestral, Ensemble, and Voice (Vocal). During 2nd ANN. classification new song cannot move to classic to jazz or pop or other genres.